TY - JOUR TI - Spiritual soldiers and the politics of difference in the British Indian Army, 1900-1940 DO - https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T3SN0C44 PY - 2016 AB - In the first decades of the twentieth century, the British Indian Army went from being a force to suppress internal dissent and protect the borders of the subcontinent to a highly mobile army stationed around the globe. British needs for additional overseas forces meant combining three distinct regional armies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay into a nominally united “Indian” Army. This single military force hid the recruiting biases and theories of martial difference that signaled the fracture, rather than the unity, of the army and the imperial project. This dissertation examines how the institutional changes of the British Indian Army enabled the social and cultural preconditions for the transition from colonial rule to a “globalized” post-colonial order. The British Indian Army in the twentieth century prided itself on its central organization as an “Indian” Army, but the men who served as troops hailed from diverse regions of India as well as the modern nation states of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The centrality of a nation-state ideal underpinning the “Indian” army not only figured into debates about anti-colonial nationalism, but in the increasing global mobility of both British and South Asian men. Britons and South Asians migrated to and worked in diverse imperial locales—from Australia to New Zealand, Singapore to Hong Kong. Yet the differences between men were not only racial and regional. Significant class and caste disparities existed between the upwardly mobile cosmopolitan Indian officers and their low-ranking and uneducated enlisted counterparts. This encouraged further divisions between those able and willing to gain from a post-colonial Indian nation-state and those who would be left behind. Institutional biases also favored certain expressions of faith and devotion, racializing and militarizing the beliefs and practices of British Christians, Nepalese Gurkhas, and Punjabi Muslims and Sikhs. The British Indian Army’s diversity and international fragmentation signaled that nation states struggled to keep pace with or claim a place for themselves in a new international order. “Globalization” served as an alternative but parallel model to empire. This story is about how diversity was managed—or failed to be managed—in a global and colonial army. The experience of imperial service further unspooled the controlled uniformity that imperial and military life demanded. KW - History KW - Great Britain--Colonies KW - Great Britain. Army. British Indian Army LA - eng ER -