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North Korean migrants in China
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North Korean migrants in China
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a case study of human smuggling and trafficking
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Park
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Hyoungah
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1969-
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Hyoungah Park
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author
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Chin
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Ko-lin
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Ko-lin Chin
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Advisory Committee
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chair
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Miller
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Jody
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Jody Miller
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internal member
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Clarke
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Ronald
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Ronald Clarke
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internal member
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Zhang
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Sheldon
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Sheldon Zhang
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Advisory Committee
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outside member
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Rutgers University
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Graduate School - Newark
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theses
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2018
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2018-10
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2018
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xx
Language
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eng
Abstract
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This study investigates the smuggling and trafficking (e.g. forced marriage, sex trafficking, and labor exploitation) of North Korean Migrants in China (NKMCs). It seeks to answer the following questions: First, how should we define the status of NKMCs (e.g. illegal economic migrant, refugee, or trafficking victim)? Second, are the NKMCs victimized? If any, what are the contexts and factors that contribute to such victimization, and how? Further, what are the characteristics of the victims, smugglers, and traffickers? Finally, what are the contributing factors and possible policy implications to prevent the victimization of NKMCs?
For this, one-on-one, face-to-face in-depth interviews with 58 NKMCs (47 women and 11 men) currently living in South Korea were conducted. Study participants were recruited through the purposive snowball sampling method. Interviews were conducted using a standardized questionnaire. This study suggests that 37 NKMCs (64%) should be classified as trafficking victims of forced marriage, commercial sex, or labor exploitation. There were 34 cases of forced marriage, 10 cases of sex trafficking, and 3 cases of labor exploitation among the 58 NKMCs. The most common pattern (22 cases, 59%) of trafficking victimization was being deceived by traffickers in North Korea, crossing the border with traffickers, and being victimized by forced marriage. This study suggests that high demand for marriageable women in China, vulnerabilities of victims due to fear of deportation, and lack of guardianship owing to the Chinese government’s indifference contributed to the trafficking victimization of NKMCs.
In sum, this study provides a general picture of the smuggling and trafficking of NKMCs. It also suggests the adoption of a criminal justice approach rather than a human rights perspective to the understanding of NKMCs’ victimization. Routine activity theory was adopted to analyze the contributing factors to the victimization of NKMCs. Finally, this study suggests the Chinese government should do more to protect NKMC trafficking victims.
For this, one-on-one, face-to-face in-depth interviews with 58 NKMCs (47 women and 11 men) currently living in South Korea were conducted. Study participants were recruited through the purposive snowball sampling method. Interviews were conducted using a standardized questionnaire. This study suggests that 37 NKMCs (64%) should be classified as trafficking victims of forced marriage, commercial sex, or labor exploitation. There were 34 cases of forced marriage, 10 cases of sex trafficking, and 3 cases of labor exploitation among the 58 NKMCs. The most common pattern (22 cases, 59%) of trafficking victimization was being deceived by traffickers in North Korea, crossing the border with traffickers, and being victimized by forced marriage. This study suggests that high demand for marriageable women in China, vulnerabilities of victims due to fear of deportation, and lack of guardianship owing to the Chinese government’s indifference contributed to the trafficking victimization of NKMCs.
In sum, this study provides a general picture of the smuggling and trafficking of NKMCs. It also suggests the adoption of a criminal justice approach rather than a human rights perspective to the understanding of NKMCs’ victimization. Routine activity theory was adopted to analyze the contributing factors to the victimization of NKMCs. Finally, this study suggests the Chinese government should do more to protect NKMC trafficking victims.
Subject
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Topic
Criminal Justice
Subject
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Topic
Human trafficking
Subject
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Topic
Illegal aliens--East Asia
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Rutgers University Electronic Theses and Dissertations
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electronic resource
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Supplementary File: Title Page
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1 online resource (354 pages : illustrations)
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Ph.D.
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Includes bibliographical references
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by Hyoungah Park
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Graduate School - Newark Electronic Theses and Dissertations
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rucore10002600001
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doi:10.7282/t3-ecxh-zg22
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ETD doctoral
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The author owns the copyright to this work.
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Park
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Hyoungah
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2018-09-24 19:54:57
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Hyoungah Park
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Rutgers University. Graduate School - Newark
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Author Agreement License
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I hereby grant to the Rutgers University Libraries and to my school the non-exclusive right to archive, reproduce and distribute my thesis or dissertation, in whole or in part, and/or my abstract, in whole or in part, in and from an electronic format, subject to the release date subsequently stipulated in this submittal form and approved by my school. I represent and stipulate that the thesis or dissertation and its abstract are my original work, that they do not infringe or violate any rights of others, and that I make these grants as the sole owner of the rights to my thesis or dissertation and its abstract. I represent that I have obtained written permissions, when necessary, from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis or dissertation and will supply copies of such upon request by my school. I acknowledge that RU ETD and my school will not distribute my thesis or dissertation or its abstract if, in their reasonable judgment, they believe all such rights have not been secured. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use all or part of this thesis or dissertation in future works, such as articles or books.
Copyright
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Copyright protected
Availability
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Open
Reason
Permission or license
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