DescriptionDespite being a nation of immigrants, the United States has seen spikes in anti-immigrant sentiment throughout its history (Higham, 2002), including today. Two perceived threats are implicated with driving these negative sentiments: (1) resource threats, reflecting economic competition with immigrants, and (2) symbolic threats, reflecting a cultural mismatch with immigrants, whose values undermine the host culture. Do resource threat and symbolic threat share a common ideology, or are they distinct? The current research aimed to answer this question. This study examined the predictive utility of two previously theorized ideological motivations, social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), as well as a prevalent yet overlooked ideology, social Darwinism (i.e. “survival of the fittest”), as the underlying motivations for both resource and symbolic threat concerns pertaining to immigration. Findings from this study reveal that these three ideologies perform similarly well in predicting both resource and symbolic threat perceptions, challenging the idea that SDO solely drives resource threat perceptions and RWA solely drives symbolic threat perceptions. Moreover, these findings reveal the need to include social Darwinism among the arsenal of belief systems driving anti-immigrant attitudes.