DescriptionVenipuncture, obtaining venous access for clinical intervention, is an essential first step in patient healthcare. Consequently, it is the most prevalent medical procedure and leading cause of injury to patients, with difficulties in obtaining venous access costing the US healthcare over $4 billion annually. Venipuncture success rates rely heavily on clinician experience and patient physiology, in which non-visible, non-palpable, or rolling/deforming veins create challenges for clinicians placing a needle. Previously in our lab, a benchtop image-guided robotic device was developed to introduce a needle for venous access. However, its large size, lack of mobility, and high costs makes it difficult for clinical translation and emergency care use. The work proposed here is to develop a cost-effective, hand-held, robotic venipuncture device that is capable of performing safe, quick, and efficient blood draws and catheter placements in patients with difficult venous access. The main objectives of the proposed work are to: prototype a hand-held, compact device for precise needle placement, develop a novel ultrasound and force-feedback system for automated venipuncture, and clinically validate the device against traditional venipuncture in a human study. The results of this work will provide a device that can improve first-stick accuracy, reduce average venipuncture procedure times, and reduce injuries and complications associated with failed venipunctures.