DescriptionThis dissertation discusses the three film operas by the Isango Ensemble, taking into account both Isango’s process of adaptation as well as their finished artistic product. In Chapter 1, I discuss the process of adaptation by tracking the ensemble’s journey from its first two productions at Spier Festival in late 2000–2001 (Yiimimangaliso: The Mysteries and Carmen) to cementing the ensemble’s approach in the film U-Carmen eKhayelitsha in 2005. These first two productions forecast the ensemble’s approach to content, instrumentation, and musical styles, and the re-imagination of narratives through gender-switching. Furthermore, this journey demonstrates how the South African ensemble adapted the medium of opera to suit its new-found context—that is, how the genre underwent a process of indigenization. Chapters 2 and 3 examine the film operas Unogumbe (2013) and Breathe Umphefumlo (2015), respectively, both of which adapt previously composed operas and cast them in new situations relevant to contemporary South Africa. I show how adaptation of both plot and music alters the original meaning of the operas that form the bases of Isango’s work and refocuses them on the post-Apartheid South African context. In Chapter 2, I address Isango’s adaptation of Britten’s Noye’s Fludde, attending especially to its use of hymns and the inclusion of African hymns, both of which reflect a historical relationship with hymnody. I also discuss the new orchestration; gender-switching and the focus on women and girls; and Isango’s approach to filming, which incorporates live theatrical elements. In Chapter 3, I address indigenization through the hybridization of the genre with jazz and choral music, sound effects and “mickey-mousing,” and the juxtaposition of sound and sonic nothingness. Ultimately, I argue, Isango’s three film operas constitute a reinterpretation of the genre of opera for contemporary South African society.