Ortiz, Raymond. The unilateral Presidency, federal budgeting, and the impact to environmental policy: from the Carter through the Trump administrations (1977-2021). Retrieved from https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/t3-xszk-f761
TitleThe unilateral Presidency, federal budgeting, and the impact to environmental policy: from the Carter through the Trump administrations (1977-2021)
DescriptionOur current political environment is filled with conflict and polarization, where partisanship reigns, true collaboration among parties has faded to near nonexistence over the last two decades, and leaders find their hands tied in progressing their respective agendas. In these politically fractious times, the United States finds itself in a constitutional crisis as the balance of powers across our government has shifted and concentrated within the executive, resulting in frequent broad stroke unilateral actions by the President. As the modern administrative state continues to grow and become ever more pervasive, the intended and unintended consequences start to surface resulting in a need for researchers and practitioners to understand the complexities of this political state. The purpose of this study is to understand the administrative presidency by discussing its constitutionality, determining its effect on federal budget outlays, and identifying its impact to public policy. This study focuses on environmental policy and the agencies charged with its implementation – the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of the Interior, and Department of Energy (DOE). Certified U.S. budget data for agency outlays covering the span of the Carter through Trump presidential administrations (1977-2021) is utilized in a mixed methods approach, inclusive of a historical analysis, regression analysis, and case study design.
Findings support that: (1) executive orders and party affiliation result in changes to budget outlays; (2) changes in outlays affecting the EPA result in similar changes across agencies due to existing shared regulatory mechanisms, with some exceptions; and (3) unilateral action is deeply rooted in growth, progress, and evolution of environmental policy. The analysis concludes with reflection on the current constitutional crisis regarding the administrative presidency and outlines emergent themes that bring about a clearer path for anticipating behaviors, predicting effects, and mitigating adverse impacts across all policy areas.